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# AGENTS.md — RTS Civilization Game Engine Architecture & Roadmap
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This document serves as the primary technical specification, architecture reference, and development guide for AI agents and developers implementing an **RTS Civilization** game (Real-Time Strategy / 4X hybrid) on top of this hexagonal 3D terrain engine.
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---
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## 1. Project Vision & Core Concept
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**Goal:** Transform this 3D hexagonal terrain engine into a seamless **Real-Time Strategy Civilization** game.
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### Gameplay Formula:
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- **Civilization Depth (4X):** Hex-based empire building, city founding, tile improvements (farms, mines, lumber mills), territory border expansion, technology tree, and resource economy (Food, Production, Gold, Science, Culture).
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- **RTS Dynamics:** Continuous real-time simulation (with pause/speed controls) rather than strict turn-waiting. Units move, scout, build, and fight in real time with tactical unit control, responsive pathfinding, and dynamic skirmishes.
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- **Visual Realism:** Modern OpenGL 4.0 rendering with realistic heightmaps, animated procedural water, smooth multi-biome blending (grassland, forest, desert, tundra, red rock canyon, snow-capped mountains), and hex-edge river networks.
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---
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## 2. Existing Codebase Architecture
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The project is built on **C++**, **Qt (Widgets & OpenGL)**, and **OpenGL 4.0 Core Profile**.
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### Key Source Files & Responsibilities:
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- `terrain.h`:
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- Map dimensions: `MAP_WIDTH = 300`, `MAP_HEIGHT = 125` (total 37,500 hexagons).
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- Hex geometry constants: `LOD_0_SIZE = 1.0f`, `LOD_0_SIZE_Y = 0.4328799f`.
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- Staggered column neighbor resolution: `getHexNeighbor(x, y, edge, &nx, &ny)`.
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- Edge midpoints: `getHexEdgeMidpoint(edge)` for river routing.
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- Data structure `TerrainPoint`: height, biome type, river flags.
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- `tile.h` & `tile.cpp`:
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- Hexagon subdivision into triangles (LOD system: 6 base triangles subdivided $\times 4 \times 4 = 96$ triangles per hex).
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- Per-vertex elevation sampling from `heightmap.jpg` (scaled to $3.5\text{ km}$ peak height) with riverbed depression carving.
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- Smooth neighbor-aware normal generation across hex seams.
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- Triplanar texture binding: grass, rock cliff, sand beach, animated water, snow, sahara, tundra, red sand, red rock canyon, and woodland forest.
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- `qscenerenderer.h` & `qscenerenderer.cpp`:
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- `QOpenGLWidget` subclass managing camera view, rotation, and mouse interaction.
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- Interactive orthographic hex-tile minimap with camera viewport outline, drag-to-pan, and zoom controls.
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- `shaders/simple.vert` & `shaders/simple.frag`:
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- GLSL 400 shaders.
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- Biome typemap sampling and altitude/latitude-based snowline ($2.5\text{ km}$ temperate, down to sea-level at polar caps).
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- Procedural dynamic dual-wave ocean and riverbed water rendering.
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- `generate_rivers.py`:
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- Python map preprocessor for strict hex-edge river connectivity and orthographic minimap generation.
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### Coordinate Systems:
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- **Grid Coordinates:** `(tx, ty)` with $0 \le tx < 300$ and $0 \le ty < 125$.
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- **World Coordinates:**
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$$\text{worldX} = tx \times 0.75$$
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$$\text{worldY} = ty \times (2.0 \times \text{LOD\_0\_SIZE\_Y}) + (tx \% 2 == 0 \; ? \; 0.0 : \text{LOD\_0\_SIZE\_Y})$$
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- **Elevation (Z):** $0.0$ at sea level; land rises up to $\approx 3.5\text{ km}$.
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---
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## 3. Game Systems Architecture
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To implement the RTS Civilization game, develop modular subsystems decoupled from the raw rendering loop:
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```
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+-------------------+
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| GameManager |
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+---------+---------+
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+-----------------+--------+--------+-----------------+
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| | | |
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+----+----+ +-----+-----+ +-----+-----+ +-----+-----+
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| Faction | | Unit | | City | | Economy & |
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| Manager | | Manager | | Manager | | Tech Tree |
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+----+----+ +-----+-----+ +-----+-----+ +-----+-----+
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| | | |
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| +-------+-------+ | |
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| | Pathfinding | | |
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| | (Hex A*) | | |
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| +---------------+ | |
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+-----------------+-----------------+ |
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| |
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+--------+--------+ |
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| Fog of War / | |
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| Visibility |<-------------------------+
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+--------+--------+
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+--------+--------+
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| QSceneRenderer | (OpenGL Viewport + UI Overlays)
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+-----------------+
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```
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---
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## 4. Agents & Unit Specifications
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Units are autonomous or player-directed entities traversing the hex map in real time.
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### 4.1 Unit Types
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1. **Civilian Units:**
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- **Settler:** Consumed to found a new City Center on valid land tiles (cannot settle on water or mountains).
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- **Worker / Builder:** Constructs tile improvements (Farms, Mines, Lumber Mills, Quarries, Roads) and repairs pillaged tiles. Can be automated via worker AI.
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- **Trader / Caravan:** Establishes land or sea trade routes between cities, providing continuous Gold, Food, and Production.
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2. **Military Units (RTS Combat):**
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- **Melee:** Scout $\rightarrow$ Warrior $\rightarrow$ Swordsman $\rightarrow$ Musketman $\rightarrow$ Infantry.
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- **Ranged:** Archer $\rightarrow$ Crossbowman $\rightarrow$ Field Cannon $\rightarrow$ Artillery.
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- **Cavalry:** Horseman $\rightarrow$ Knight $\rightarrow$ Cavalry $\rightarrow$ Tank (high movement speed, flanking bonuses).
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- **Siege:** Catapult $\rightarrow$ Trebuchet $\rightarrow$ Bombard (high bonus damage against city walls).
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- **Naval:** Galley $\rightarrow$ Caravel $\rightarrow$ Frigate $\rightarrow$ Battleship (operates only on water hexes).
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### 4.2 Unit Data Model (`Unit.h`)
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```cpp
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enum class UnitType { Settler, Worker, Warrior, Archer, Horseman, Galley };
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enum class UnitState { Idle, Moving, Attacking, Harvesting, Building, Fortified };
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class Unit {
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public:
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int id;
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int factionId;
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UnitType type;
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UnitState state;
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// Grid Position & Smooth Real-time World Position
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int tileX, tileY;
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QVector3D worldPosition;
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QVector3D targetPosition;
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float moveProgress; // 0.0 to 1.0 between hexes
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// Attributes
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float health, maxHealth;
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float attackDamage;
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float defense;
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float movementSpeed; // hexes per second
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float visionRange; // in hex radius
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// Path & Target
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std::vector<std::pair<int, int>> currentPath;
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int targetEntityId; // target unit or city
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void update(float deltaTime);
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void commandMoveTo(int destX, int destY);
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void commandAttack(int targetId);
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void commandBuildImprovement(int improvementType);
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};
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```
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### 4.3 Real-time Hex Pathfinding (`Pathfinder.h`)
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- Implement **A\*** over the hexagonal grid with cost functions:
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- **Flatland (Grassland/Plains):** Base cost $1.0$.
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- **Forest / Jungle:** Cost $2.0$.
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- **Hills:** Cost $2.0$.
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- **River Crossing:** Penalty $+1.5$ (unless road/bridge is present).
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- **Mountain / Deep Water:** Impassable for land units.
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- **Friendly vs Enemy Hexes:** ZOC (Zone of Control) penalties near hostile military units.
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---
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## 5. Cities, Territory & Improvements
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### 5.1 City Architecture
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- **City Founding:** Consumes a Settler. Claims the center hex and immediate ring of 6 adjacent hexes.
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- **Borders:** Expanding territory based on accumulated Culture.
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- **Hex Yields:**
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- **Food:** Drives city population growth ($Pop = 1, 2, 3 \dots$).
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- **Production (Hammers):** Contributes to the active construction queue (units, buildings, wonders).
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- **Gold:** Empire treasury for unit upkeep, tile purchasing, and rush production.
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- **Science:** Advances active technology research in real time.
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- **Culture:** Expands borders and advances civics/policies.
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### 5.2 Tile Improvements
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- **Farm:** Built on Grassland/Plains/Floodplains ($+2\text{ Food}$, river adjacency bonus).
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- **Mine:** Built on Hills ($+2\text{ Production}$).
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- **Lumber Mill:** Built on Forest ($+1\text{ Production}$, preserves forest defense).
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- **Road:** Built along hex edges/centers to reduce movement cost to $0.33$.
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---
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## 6. AI Agent Behavior (Civilization Empire AI)
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AI opponents must operate through a hierarchical decision architecture:
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1. **Strategic Commander (Empire Level):**
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- Assesses empire needs: expansion, military defense, economic development, or technology rush.
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- Queues city construction and manages empire-wide resource allocation.
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2. **Operational Commander (Theater Level):**
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- Coordinates multi-unit formations (e.g. Settler with Warrior escort; army squads containing front-line melee and rear-line archers).
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- Manages tactical skirmishes, city sieges, and territorial defense.
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3. **Tactical Agent (Unit Level):**
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- Implements Utility AI or Behavior Trees:
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- Worker AI: evaluates unworked tiles in city radius and constructs optimal improvements.
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- Scout AI: moves toward unrevealed fog of war while avoiding hostile barbarians.
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- Military AI: attacks vulnerable targets, retreats when health drops below $30\%$, uses terrain defense bonuses.
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---
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## 7. Fog of War & Vision System
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1. **Three Visibility States:**
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- **Unexplored (Black):** Never seen. No terrain, no entities.
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- **Explored / Fog of War (Grayscale/Dimmed):** Previously discovered terrain and static cities visible; enemy units hidden.
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- **Visible (Full Color):** Currently within line-of-sight of any friendly unit or city.
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2. **GPU Texture Mask:**
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- Maintain a $300 \times 125$ texture updated on the CPU / compute shader representing visibility $(0 = \text{black}, 128 = \text{fog}, 255 = \text{visible})$.
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- Sample this mask in `simple.frag` to dim or mask terrain and hide out-of-vision units.
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---
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## 8. Implementation Roadmap
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### Phase 1: Core Simulation Loop & Pathfinding
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- [ ] Create `GameSimulation` class with fixed-tick update (e.g., 20 ticks/sec).
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- [ ] Implement hex A* pathfinding (`Pathfinder.h/.cpp`) using `getHexNeighbor`.
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- [ ] Add basic `Unit` class with real-time waypoint interpolation across hex centers.
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- [ ] Implement mouse raycasting / hex picking from screen click to `(tx, ty)`.
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### Phase 2: Unit Rendering & RTS Controls
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- [ ] Render 3D unit meshes / billboards on tile surfaces at correct elevation $Z$.
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- [ ] Implement standard RTS controls: Left-click select, box-select, right-click move/attack.
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- [ ] Add unit health bars, selection rings, and minimap unit dots.
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### Phase 3: Cities & Tile Improvements
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- [ ] Implement `City` class, city founding with Settler, and territory border rendering.
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- [ ] Add Worker unit improvement actions (Farm, Mine, Road).
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- [ ] Implement resource yield accumulation (Food, Production, Gold, Science).
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### Phase 4: Combat, Technology & Opponent AI
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- [ ] Implement real-time combat calculation, ranged attack trajectories, and damage resolution.
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- [ ] Add Technology Tree interface and research progression.
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- [ ] Implement AI Factions and Barbarian encampments.
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---
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## 9. Coding Guidelines for Agents & Developers
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- **Language Standard:** C++17 with Qt 5/6 framework.
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- **Rendering Thread Safety:** Game logic and pathfinding must run synchronously or safely decoupled from `paintGL()`. Never call OpenGL functions outside the OpenGL context thread.
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- **Memory Management:** Use RAII and smart pointers (`std::unique_ptr`, `std::shared_ptr`) for entities. Avoid raw manual array allocations in game loop updates.
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- **Performance:**
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- With 37,500 hexes, avoid iterating all hexes every frame. Use spatial partitioning or chunking for unit queries.
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- Batch unit rendering using instanced OpenGL draw calls (`glDrawArraysInstanced` or `glDrawElementsInstanced`).
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- **Math Consistency:** Always use `terrain.h` helper functions (`getHexNeighbor`, `getHexEdgeMidpoint`, `LOD_0_SIZE_Y`) to maintain consistent geometry and alignment with the terrain mesh.
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